In ball mills, ceramic and metal balls of 20-30 mm diameter disperse pigments in a cylindrical container rotating around its horizontal axis. Ball mills are the main equipments that can disperse by both hammering and rubbing. However, due to space they occupy in shop floor, long dispersion times and limited adaptation to the variable capacity batch processes, ball mills are gradually discarded.

Name used to describe the tanks utilised to balance the ships by adjusting the center of gravity.

Natural ore of barium sulfate: (BaSO4). It has rhombic crystal structure; refractive index: 1,64; specific gravity: 4,25-4,50; oil absorption: ~10 g/100 g baryte. The micronised filler, obtained from grinding of the natural ore, is a widely used matting agent for cost reduction purposes because of its low oil absorption value and high density especially when price per weight is important.

Intermediate coating applied on dried primer layer, mainly in OEM and car refinish paints. Varnish is applied on base coat while it is still wet to obtain an appealing surface and protection. Usually, base coats also contain metallic and pearl pigments.

Basket mills are wet grinders consisting of an agitator disc connected to a vertical shaft. They work by immersing the agitator disc into a pigment or extender paste. Basket assembly is filled with high density milling beads, and the external part contains a slotted sieve which allows pigment paste to pass but not the milling beads. Basket mills are designed such that vacuum created by rotating disc, causes the paste to enter the basket from the upper surface. In addition to basic concept, some basket mill producers have different designs that impart extra features.

Consists of a cylindrical shape metal cup. There are various steel discs on the rotating mill along the axis of the cup. Hard beads of 0,5-3,0 mm diameter are placed in the mill together with the pigment paste to be grinded. The pigment agglomerates between the moving beads are grinded with the help of the friction between the beads that are moving with the whirling effect of rotating discs. Until recently, similar mills containing high silica sand instead of beads were widely used. These mills were called sand mills.

Sand mills

Mills that aim to grind pigment aggregates using high silica sand as the grinder. See Also Bead mill

Wood of beech tree is dense and tough. Its sapwood is reddish brown. It lasts long and is durable because of its hard structure. Fibers of beech tree can absorb varnish well. In addition to any type of solidwood work and furniture, beech tree is used in production of panels, tool handles, and musical instruments as well as in woodturning.

Bells rotating at a speed of 25,000-60,000 rpm are used for spray applications, which are especially utilised in otomotive OEM coatings. Paint is broken into tiny droplets as a result of the centrifugal force arising from high rotation speed and sprayed on the application surface. Electrostatic methods are used for these kind of applications due to transfer effectiveness.

During the paint drying process, honeycomb-like hexagon cells are formed by the convectional flow due to the solvent evaporation caused by the temperature differences. These hexagonal cells are called Bénard cells. Film defects such as floating, flooding, silking and haze occur due to the formation of Bénard cells of various sizes.

Floating

Floating is a term used to describe a mottled, splotchy or streaked appearance exhibited by a paint film. Floating is due to separation and uneven distribution of different pigments in the paint. Difference between floating and flooding is that, in flooding color varies along the depth of the film and the film appears uniform horizontally,owing to migration of one or several pigments to the surface. On the other hand, in floating, changes are localized on the panel and color is not uniform horizontally.

Flooding

It is used to specify a color change along the depth of the film due to the migration of one or several pigments to the surface more than other pigments. When rub-out test is performed on a wet paint film with flooding, one can see an indistinct color change on the rubbed region by looking the paint-glass interface behind the glass. On the other hand, a more certain color change can be seen at paint-air interface.

Filking

Coating defect seen in brush applications described by glittery marks of thread or fiberlike appearance paralel to the brush application direction. This defect is caused by fillers with big particle sizes. In addition, similar marks can be observed in dipping applications. In this case, coating defect is caused by the surface tension differences.

Haze

On the high gloss paint surfaces, the incident light coming from an angle of 20º reflects mostly at 20º and a small part of the light scatters around 20º. This defect is perceived by the eye as haze on the paint surface.
 

Resistance of a coating film to cracking, breaking and delamination when bended together with the metal surface. Bending resistance is measured by bending the panel around a cylindrical or conical surface or by directly folding the panel. These tests are called cylindrical bending test, conical bending test and T-Bend test, respectively.

See Bending resistance

Resistance of a coating film to cracking, breaking and delamination when bended together with the metal surface. Bending resistance is measured by bending the panel around a cylindrical or conical surface or by directly folding the panel. These tests are called cylindrical bending test, conical bending test and T-Bend test, respectively.

Compound used in the production of benzoguanamine formaldehyde resins.
Chemical name: 1,3-Diamino-5-phenyl-2,4,6-triazine

Melting point: 227°C

Benzoguanamine resins

Class of resins synthesized from polymerization of benzoguanamine with formaldehyde. Their use in organic coatings is limited to some oven-cured primers.

Class of resins synthesized from polymerization of benzoguanamine with formaldehyde. Their use in organic coatings is limited to some oven-cured primers.

Mono-functional organic acid used as a chain stopper to control the molecule growth in the production of alkyd and polyester resins.
Melting point: 121°C

Empty space in engine room and one meter high from the engine room floor in ships. Oil, fuel, dirty water as well as clean and seawater leaked from engine and its components or emptied water during maintance is drained in bilge.

Binder

Chemical substance used to bind the input materials in the organic coating and provide adhesion of the coating film to the application surface as a rigid and continuous film. Binders commonly have polymeric structures, while, less commonly, they may have oligomeric or monomeric structures.

Strike in

Coating defect described by dull or blurry appearance of topcoat due to the migration of some of the binder to the previous wet paint layer in wet on wet applications.

Solid binder content

Amount of solvent-free binder present in 100 units of wet paint or binder solution.

Latex binders

Binders produced by stable dispersion of solid polymer particles, primarily, natural and synthetic rubber in water.

Pigment/binder ratio

The ratio by weight of pigment content to solid binder content in paint formulation. See Also Solid binder content

Silicate based binders

Alkali metal silicates like sodium and potassium silicates have limited use as inorganic paint binder. Furthermore, ethyl silicate is used as a binder in anti-corrosive paints, especially in high corrosion resistant zinc-rich primers.

Chemicals used to prevent growth of various bacteria, fungi and maggots in especially waterborne coatings either in the package or after application. Most widely used biocides are formaldehyde, formaldehyde derivatives, tin compounds and basic quarternary copper compounds.

Birch is a dense, fine-grained and moderate tough tree. It is flexible and strong. Its sapwood and heartwood is same in color. Its use in woodturning is difficult and it has a poor exterior durability. It decays fast in outdoor exposure. It is used in engraved furnitures, musical instruments, sledges, skis, plywood production, barrel, pulley, bobbin case and wooden lasts.

Type of polyol obtained from the reaction of phenol and acetone under strongly acidic conditions and used for production of epoxy resins. It is also the main building structure of polycarbonate polymer.

Chemical name: Diphenylolpropane


Chemical formula: 
Melting point: 155°C

Type of polyol obtained from the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde under strongly acidic conditions and used for production of epoxy resins with smaller molecular weight and higher functionality.
Chemical name: Dihydroxydiphenylmetane

Chemical formula: 
Melting point: 163°C

Synthetic barium sulfate (BaSO4) obtained starting from baryte, forming first barium sulfur (BaS), followed by reaction of BaS with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). After isolation and grinding, Blanc fixe is used as high quality filler.

A defect in which pigments and/or dyestuffs from the lower coat of paint film diffuse into the upper coat due to the solvents (sometimes resins) and causing unwanted discoloration on the latter. It is important to use dyestuffs with sufficient solvent resistance to prevent bleeding.

Formation of blisters filled with gas or liquid on a dried coating film. Main reasons for liquid filled blisters could be development of local corrosions on the application surface and existence of water soluble salts in wet paint or application surface. In addition, for especially oven dried coatings, factors such as existence of solvents that are unable to pass the thick coating film can cause gas filled blisters. Blistering is a defect that hinders the protective and decorative functions of the coating.

Isocyanate resins, which react with hydroxyl and amine groups at room temperature, are blocked by volatile compounds to be able to produce single component oven-cured coatings. For blocked isocyanate resins, blocking chemicals that evaporates at a temperature a little lower than the oven temperature are chosen.
 

Coating defect defined by dull, non-homogeneous or shady appearance caused by accumulation of certain substances on coating surface. Bloom is usually caused by foreign substances such as non-transparent oils or waxes.

A paint defect appearing as whitening on the paint and varnish surfaces when paint application is performed at high relative humidity. It is seen in solventborne coatings. After application, solvent evaporation lowers the substrate temperature causing moisture in the air to condense on the paint film which, in turn causes precipitation of organic binder.

Part of a ship above its “full load line”. Board surfaces are usually dry, however they are wetted from time to time by spatters or water vapor and they are always exposed to oxygen and sunlight.

Boiling point is defined as the temperature that vapor pressure of a pure liquid reaches to the total outside pressure. At this temperature, the liquid boils and evaporates rapidly.

Boiling of liquids that are not pure, occurs at a boiling range rather than a single temperature. This range is called the “boiling range”.

Part of a ship between submerge levels of empty and fully loaded conditions. Surfaces at boot topping part are exposed to frictional effects by guide boats, piers and buoys. In addition, depending on the loading level, it can be exposed to spattering of sea water or can be fully submerged.

Scattering of wet paint particles sprayed by conventional air spray guns to the surroundings after bouncing from the air cushion near the surface or bouncing with the air from the surface. Bouncing effect decreases the transfer efficiency since some of the sprayed coating is not transfered to the application surface.

General name for polymers having three or more polymer segments connected to a branch point. They are formed by reaction of di-functional monomers bearing at least one of their functional groups on their central parts allowing branching. For step growth polymerization, small amounts of monomers with F=3 is used. For addition polymerization, small amounts of initiators with tendency to branch or monomers with F≥4 are used. Some common branched polymer types are shown below:



Branched polymers can be of thermoplastic or thermosetting nature.
 

Brush

Apparatus used to apply paint by means of its fibers attached to a handle. Brush fibers are prefered to be made of nylon or polyester for waterborne coatings; and of polyester or animal hair for solventborne coatings.

Brush mark

Fiber streaks can be observed right after the application of the paint by brush. If those streaks do not dissappear during drying process, a coating defect named “brush mark” arises. Brush marks can be overcome by lowering the surface tension or viscosity, or by adding slow solvents to the coating system.

Wire brush

A simple tool used to remove rust, loose/peeling paint and dirt from the surface to be coated otherwise these can cause difficulty in adhesion. The bristles of wire brush are usually made of carbon steel, stainless steel and brass. (Given in a sequence of use prevalence. Wire brushes are used with rotating and vibrating motors in addition to simply by hand.

Fiber streaks can be observed right after the application of the paint by brush. If those streaks do not dissappear during drying process, a coating defect named “brush mark” arises. Brush marks can be overcome by lowering the surface tension or viscosity, or by adding slow solvents to the coating system.

Test that aims to determine hardness of a coating film by measuring the depth of a V-shaped cavity formed by running a sharp metal wheel carrying a constant weight on dried coating film.

Tail solvent used to retard drying of nitrocellulose, epoxy based solvent-borne coatings and as a “heavy” co-solvent in waterborne organic coatings at low quantities such as 1-2 %.
Chemical name: Diethylene glycol mono butyl ether; 2-(2-butoxy-ethoxy) ethanol ( also called Butyl carbitol)
Chemical formula:: 

Boiling point: 230°C; Evaporation number relative to ether: ~1200; specific gravity:0,954; refractive index: 1,4322; flash point: 105°C

Butyl diglycolacetate

Tail solvent used to retard drying of cellulose derived resins, polyester and short oil alkyd based solvent-borne coatings at low quantities such as 1-2 %.
Chemical name: diethylene glycol mono ether acetate (also called butyl carbitol acetate)
Chemical formula: 

Boiling point: 247°C; Evaporation number relative to ether: >1200; specific gravity:0,979; refractive index: 1,4262; flash point: ~108°C

Tail solvent

Solvent added in small amounts to organic coating formulations as the last solvent to leave the coating film due to being less volatile compared to other solvents in the formulation.

Tail solvent used to retard drying of cellulose derived resins, polyester and short oil alkyd based solvent-borne coatings at low quantities such as 1-2 %.
Chemical name: diethylene glycol mono ether acetate (also called butyl carbitol acetate)
Chemical formula:  

Boiling point: 247°C; Evaporation number relative to ether: >1200; specific gravity:0,979; refractive index: 1,4262; flash point: ~108°C

Tail solvent used to retard drying of cellulose derived resins, polyester and short oil alkyd based solvent-borne coatings at low quantities such as 1-2 %.
Chemical name: diethylene glycol mono ether acetate (also called butyl carbitol acetate)
Chemical formula:  

Boiling point: 247°C; Evaporation number relative to ether: >1200; specific gravity:0,979; refractive index: 1,4262; flash point: ~108°C

“Slow” solvent used as a co-solvent in waterborne organic coatings and also to dissolve nitrocellulose, polyester, epoxy resins.
Chemical name: Ethylene glycol mono butyl ether; 2-Butoxyethanol (also called butyl cellosolve or butyl oxitol)
Chemical formula:

Boiling point: 171°C; Evaporation number relative to ether: 160; specific gravity:0,901; refractive index: 1,4196; flash point: 60°C

Butyl glycol acetate

“Slow” solvent that has a dissolving effect on some cellulose derivatives and polyester resins.
Chemical name: Ethylene glycol mono butyl ether acetate; butoxy ethyl acetate (also called butyl cellosolve acetate or butyl oxytol acetate)
Chemical formula:  

Boiling point: 192°C; Evaporation number relative to ether: 190; specific gravity:0,941; refractive index: 1,4139; flash point: 75°C

“Slow” solvent that has a dissolving effect on some cellulose derivatives and polyester resins.
Chemical name: Ethylene glycol mono butyl ether acetate; butoxy ethyl acetate (also called butyl cellosolve acetate or butyl oxytol acetate)
Chemical formula: 

Boiling point: 192°C; Evaporation number relative to ether: 190; specific gravity:0,941; refractive index: 1,4139; flash point: 75°C

Melamine formaldehyde resins modified by reacting with butanol. Butylated melamine formaldehyde resins are widely used because of their compatibility and high film quality due to their comparably low surface tension. However, they are not used in high solid systems because of their high molecular weights.