Solvent added in small amounts to organic coating formulations as the last solvent to leave the coating film due to being less volatile compared to other solvents in the formulation.

Magnesium silicate mineral containing crystal water Mg(SiO10)(OH)2 or 3Mg.4SiO2.H2O. It is found in spherical, lamellar and fibrous formed crystal structures. Refractive index: 1,54-1,59; specific gravity: 2,70-2,85; oil absorption value: 23-52 g/100 g talc. It enhances sanding of paint, primer and putties. Due to its high oil absorption value, it increases the viscosity of paint and provides active matting.

Wood oil obtained as a byproduct of the alkali process of wood pulp (Kraft process) manufacture. After decolorization by distilation, tall oil and its fatty acids are used in alkyd resin production. Tall oil is a semi-drying oil with a fatty acid composition of 30% oleic acid, 45% linoleic acid and 14% pinoleic acid.

Tanning is the process of making leather, which is a raw material in textile industry, by removing the flesh, fat and the hair from the skins of animals by using chemicals and making them durable against degradation by microorganisms.

Test performed to measure the degree of adhesion of the organic coating film to the surface after application and drying of the coating. Adhesion performance is checked by adhering a tape to the thoroughly cut coating film and pulling away rapidly to determine whether the coating comes off and if it does, to what extent it does.

See Bending resistance

Resistance of a coating film to cracking, breaking and delamination when bended together with the metal surface. Bending resistance is measured by bending the panel around a cylindrical or conical surface or by directly folding the panel. These tests are called cylindrical bending test, conical bending test and T-Bend test, respectively.

Telegraphing is the revealing of surface of the coated part of the substrate through the coating. Sometimes, the showing through of fingerprints, water spots or sanding marks on the substrate is called telegraphing. But these defects are usually manifestations of dewetting. Telegraphing is normally caused by surface tension gradients on the part of the substrate due to the concentration or temperature changes. For instance, when baking a sheet metal surface, if there is a reinforcment element, it will cause that part to have a lower temperature and therefore a higher surface tension. In this case, due to movement towards the high surface tension region (Marangoni effect), paint film above the reinforcement element will be higher.

Marangoni effect

When a closed half-filled bottle of wine, turned upside-down after shaking, it is seen that the wine in the bottle starts to climb the walls of bottle. Since, Italian physicist Carlo Marangoni explained the physicochemical mechanism lying under this phenomenon at the beginning of 1990’s, it’s called Marangoni effect. Alcohol in the thin wet film on the lateral surface of partially full bottle of wine evaporates more rapidly than water. Hence, alcohol amount decreases in these parts, resulting in increase in water concentration. The surface tension of pure water is higher than that of pure ethanol. Therefore, the surface tension of the liquid film from which alcohol evaporated increases. Then, a flow gradient occurs from the bulk part of wine which has lower surface tension, to the thin film layer on the sides with higher surface tension.
 

Polyacid produced by oxidation of p-xylene. It is commonly used as precursor to polyethylene terephthalate polyesters for textile industry.
Chemical formula:
Sublimation temperature: 300°C

Solvent group obtained from roots and trunks of some of the pine trees and used in long-oil alkyds based coatings. Terpene solvents have the general formula of (C5H8)n. The most widely used terpene solvents are turpentine and Dipentene with an empirical formula of C10H16. In the mean time, use of terpene solvents decreased since they are superseded by petroleum based white spirit.

Thermoplast

See Thermoplastic

Thermoplastic acrylic resins

See Acrylic resins

Thermoplastic

General name for substances that can repeatedly soften when heated and recover to their original hardness after cooling.

Thermoplastic acrylic resins

See Acrylic resins

Acrylic resins

Class of resins formed by addition polymerisation of acrylic and metacrylic acids and their esters over their ethylene double bonds with the help of free radicals. If acrylic acid esters and metacrylic acid esters have functional groups, the resulting is a thermoset acrylic resin, or else, the product is a thermoplastic acrylic resin. Solvent soluble, water-thinnable, water emulsion types are available.

Thermoplastic acrylic resins

See Acrylic resins

General name for substances that can repeatedly soften when heated and recover to their original hardness after cooling.

See Acrylic resins

Acrylic resins

Class of resins formed by addition polymerisation of acrylic and metacrylic acids and their esters over their ethylene double bonds with the help of free radicals. If acrylic acid esters and metacrylic acid esters have functional groups, the resulting is a thermoset acrylic resin, or else, the product is a thermoplastic acrylic resin. Solvent soluble, water-thinnable, water emulsion types are available.

Thermoplastic acrylic resins

See Acrylic resins

1) General name for reactive chemical substances that are able to harden and become insoluble by polymerization upon heat exposure; 2) General name for polymeric materials that harden and become insoluble by polymerization upon heat exposure.

A phenomenon observed in some of the pseudoplastic fluids is the change in viscosity after an applied shear. If a pseudoplastic fluid is not thixotropic and a constant sheer stress is applied on it (i.e., stirring at a constant speed), its viscosity drops and keeps constant. On the other hand, if fluid is thixotropic, viscosity drop continues after a homogenous stirring is reached. When stirring stops, viscosity of a non-thixotropic fluid rises to its steady value, whereas, thixotropic fluid may need minutes, hours even days to recover its original viscosity.
See Also Shear thinning fluids, Pseudoplastic fluids

Shear thinning fluids

Fluids that undergo a viscosity decrease upon exposure to shear force (e.g., mixing or shaking). They regain their original viscosity after removal of the shear force. Pseudoplastic fluids regaining their viscosity a while after shear force removal are called thixotropic fluids. An important portion of coatings demonstrate thixotropic behaviour.

Pseudoplastic fluids

See Shear thinning fluids

Shear thinning fluids

Fluids that undergo a viscosity decrease upon exposure to shear force (e.g., mixing or shaking). They regain their original viscosity after removal of the shear force. Pseudoplastic fluids regaining their viscosity a while after shear force removal are called thixotropic fluids. An important portion of coatings demonstrate thixotropic behaviour.

Paint production equipment, which disperses by efficiently grinding the pigment flocs passing through nips of three rollers revolving at different speeds. Although they perform effective dispersion, their use is much more limited today because of their capacity limitations.

Hardening of an organic coating film to a degree at which it has its ultimate physical and chemical properties.

Oxide of titanium having anatase, rutile, ilmenite crystal forms. Rutile crystal structure titanium dioxide is the prime pigment in paint industry. The rutile titanium dioxide used in paint industry is produced by converting the crude ore to high purity titanium dioxide by one of the chemical processes (sulphate process and chloride process).

To perform absorption.

Paint solvent obtained from coal tar and petroleum rich in aromatics.
Chemical formula:

Boiling range: 110-111°C; Evaporation number based on the ether: 6; Specific gravity: 0,871; Refractive index: 1,4969; Flash point: 6°C

Toluenediisocyanate / TDI

Polyurethane raw material which is commonly used in coating industry as a mixture of 2,4 and 2,6 isomers with a ratio of 80% and 20%, respectively.
Chemical formula: 

Polyurethane raw material which is commonly used in coating industry as a mixture of 2,4 and 2,6 isomers with a ratio of 80% and 20%, respectively.
Chemical formula: 

The last coat applied in a coating system. Since topcoats are exposed directly to the outdoor conditions, they are expected to have certain durability.

Drying of a coating film to a point where it feels dry when touched. Touch-free drying tests are performed by; (a) Applying an average pressure on the drying film with a finger, (b) Observing whether there is paint residue on a piece of cotton pressed to the surface with a pressure of 250-500 gr/cm²

Resistance of a paint film to crack under stress is called toughness. The tests to assess this characteristic property is called toughness test.

Term especially used for spray applications. It defines the percentage of the amount of paint that reaches the surface, to the total amount of sprayed paint:

Property of a material by which all the incoming light to its surface passes through, without any loss from reflection and absorption. Paints with small pigment particles and clearcoats are expected to highly transmit the light. Therefore, either transparencies of paint films applied on a glass are visually compared or instrumental measurements are performed for assessing transparency.

Surfaces cleaned from oil and dirt are pretreated before paint application. Since use of Cr+6 is restricted, it’s been superseded by phosphate coatings. Among phosphate coatings, the best corrosion resistance and surface adhesion are achieved by tricationic phosphate coatings (zinc-nickel-manganese phosphate). Phosphate coatings can be applied by dipping or spraying. Shape of the formed metal phosphate crystals depends on the application method. In dipping, crystals cover the metal surface as a protective shield made of ordered fish scales. In spray applications, acicular (perpendicular to metal surface) metal phosphate crystals are formed. Therefore, by dipping method, impervious and high corrosion resistant phosphate coatings with high stone chip resistance are formed.

General name of components formed by esterification reaction of glycerol with acids, particularly fatty acids, through three hydroxyl groups that glycerol bears. Triglycerides formed by esterification of vegetable fatty acids and glycerol are called vegetable oils.

Chemical name: 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride
Chemical formula: 

Melting point: 167ºC

Polyol synthesized by reaction of formaldehyde with butyraldehyde. Trimethylolpropane is used in the production alkyd resins and isocyanate prepolymers.
Chemical name: 1,1,1- Trimethylolpropane

Chemical formula: 

Melting point: 58,8°C; Boiling point 295°C

Three different receptor cells in the retina of human eye are sensitive to blue, green and red lights. Color spectrophotometers are utilized to measure how much a color comprises these lights. Results will be tristimulus values expressed in X, Y, Z symbols.

Tung oil is vegetable oil obtained from tung tree with a fatty acid composition of 80% eleostearic acid. Eleostearic acid bears three conjugated double bounds. Therefore, it is oxidized by air at room temperature to give tough and durable films. On the other hand, if baked over 120°C, due to self polymerization, tough and durable films are formed.

Storage of binders, having reactive groups that give crosslinking reactions at room temperature, in the same container leads to gelation. Containers that contain binders with reactive groups and stored in separate containers are called two-pack coatings. They are widely named as 2K coatings or 2K varnishes etc. In cases when reactive groups react in presence of a catalyst, the catalyst is stored in the second component. In some rare situations, both reactive groups and catalyst need to be stored separately.