Fluid medium in which pigment powders are dispersed. In liquid paints, vehicle comprises binder and solvent. In powder coatings, binders that can be fluidized by heat are used as vehicle.

A wood layer of around 0.5 mm thickness to cover the surfaces of solid wood, chipboard and MDF. Veneers are made of different trees using different cutting techniques. Veneers are bonded to wooden substrates using glues (adhesives).

General name of equipment used to measure viscosity of fluids.
 

Packaging viscosity

Viscosity of wet paint at the stage of packaging. It is also defined as delivery viscosity. Packaging viscosity of a paint is determined considering two points:
1) Packaging viscosity should be high enough to prevent settling of fillers, pigments and additives throughout the shelf life of the paint mixture;
2) Packaging viscosity should be low enough to provide homogeneous and easy mixing of the thinner that is added prior to use.

Application viscosity

The most suitable viscosity at which paint can be applied by the chosen method with ease.

Viscosity

Measure of resistance of a fluid against flow. The higher the viscosity of a fluid, the more resistance it has to flow.

Viscosity cups

See Flow cups

Viscosity stability

Accelerated test for predicting the change in the viscosity of an organic coating during storage. For simulating stability during storage, the paint is kept at 50 – 60ºC for a predetermined time.

Packaging viscosity

Viscosity of wet paint at the stage of packaging. It is also defined as delivery viscosity. Packaging viscosity of a paint is determined considering two points:
1) Packaging viscosity should be high enough to prevent settling of fillers, pigments and additives throughout the shelf life of the paint mixture;
2) Packaging viscosity should be low enough to provide homogeneous and easy mixing of the thinner that is added prior to use.

Application viscosity

The most suitable viscosity at which paint can be applied by the chosen method with ease.

Viscous

1) Having a high resistance to flow (e.g., viscous fluid)
2) Pertaining to the resistance to flow (e.g., viscous force)

Viscometer

General name of equipment used to measure viscosity of fluids.

Viscosity

Measure of resistance of a fluid against flow. The higher the viscosity of a fluid, the more resistance it has to flow.

Viscosity cups

See Flow cups

Viscosity stability

Accelerated test for predicting the change in the viscosity of an organic coating during storage. For simulating stability during storage, the paint is kept at 50 – 60ºC for a predetermined time.

See Flow cups

Flow cups

Cylindrical cups, of generally 100 ml inner volume, with flat or conical bases and holes at the bottom, used to measure fluid viscosity. There are various flow cups defined by various standards (e.g. DIN cups, ISO cups, Ford cups, Afnor cups, Iwata cups)

Accelerated test for predicting the change in the viscosity of an organic coating during storage. For simulating stability during storage, the paint is kept at 50 – 60ºC for a predetermined time.

Wavelength interval of light (between ~380-780 nm) perceived by the human eye. Orbit electrons of atoms and molecules constituting the objects, radiate when exposed to an external energy intense enough to stimulate the electrons. Only a small part of these radiations, X-ray being the strongest and radio waves being the weakest, is visible to human eye.

Determination of color, distinguishing only with human eye without using any measurement tools. One or more of the following is intended by this process: (i) Estimation of pigment or dye stuff content of an observed color with an unknown composition. (ii) Determination of matching degree of an observed color according to a reference color. (iii) Determination of types and amounts of stains to match an observed color with a reference color.

All properties affecting the visual perception of the dried coating film. Most important properties for visual evaluation are; color, specular gloss, levelling, Distinctness of image (DOI) and haze.

Gloss / Specular gloss

Percentage ratio of the amount of reflected light from a surface having the same angle with the normal as the light coming to the surface, to the total amount of light coming to a surface.

Levelling

Transition of wet paint applied on a surface to a thin film layer due to surface tension and gravitational force. If the paint film is continuous and homogeneous, it is said to be good levelling.

Distinctness of image (DOI)

DOI is one of the three concepts designating the reflected image quality, therefore, low DOI is an important defect for automotive OEM and car repair coatings. Low DOI is revealed by observation of scattering on the vicinity of the main light beam reflected with an angle of 20° from the varnish surface. However, scaterring in low DOI occurs in a much narrower angle interval than that of haze defect. Low DOI is perceived as reduction in sharpness and distinctness on the edges of the reflected image. Measurement of DOI is performed by DOI-meters produced by equipment producers. Low DOI can arise from light scattering caused by crystalline additives or binders in the coating film, or by tiny wrinkles on the surface of the coating.

Haze

On the high gloss paint surfaces, the incident light coming from an angle of 20º reflects mostly at 20º and a small part of the light scatters around 20º. This defect is perceived by the eye as haze on the paint surface.
 

See Volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds

The amount of volatile organic compounds in grams per 1 liter of liquid organic coating.

Volatile

Adjective used for chemicals that have high evaporation rates although liquid at room temperature.

Volatile organic compounds

The amount of volatile organic compounds in grams per 1 liter of liquid organic coating.

Cross-linking of natural and synthetic rubber with sulfur compounds. See Also Natural Rubber

Natural Rubber

Remainder of the juice of rubber tree (Hevea brusiliensis) after evaporation. Rubber, chemically composed of polyisopyrene, crosslinks with sulfur compounds forming a high resistance elastomer. Process of crosslinking with sulfur compounds is called vulcanization, and rubber that undergoes vulcanization is called vulcanized rubber.