Pigments produced by coating TiO2 or some other oxides at varying thickness from 120 nm to 160 nm on the mica flakes of 100–500 nm (0,1–0,5 µm) thick. Nacreous pigments are perceived in different colors and sheen depending upon the viewing angle. Mica based nacreous pigments impart color to the coating by light interference caused by mica flakes of the same thickness with the wavelengths in visible light spectrum (100–500 nm). See Also Effect pigments

Effect pigments

Pigments added to coating formulations to provide an appealing look, besides coloring the coating. For this purpose, aluminum pigments and mica based pearlescent pigments of platelet shape are widely used. There is a special aesthetical expectation from basecoat applications containing metalic or pearlescent (or micaceous) pigments: the flip-flop property. This coating property, formed by parallel allignment of aluminum or pearlescent platelets to the surface, leads to a mirror-like appearance when looked from the front, and to a dark color appearance when looked from a very low angle. Transparency of the film formed by binders enhances the flip-flop effect.

Color identification system that takes four basic colors, which are saturated and not darkened with black, as reference. For NCS, yelow, red, blue and green standarts are formed with the above mentioned properties. Various color tones are obtained by mixing the standards at different ratios. Each color can be mixed with transparent varnish to obtain several saturation levels. In addition, these colors can be darkened with black in various ratios. Colors obtained by these methods are named by NCS as follows: 2080-R70B means color contains 20% black, 80% saturated and its hue is composed of 70% Red (R:Red) and 30% Blue (B:Blue). See Also Munsell color system, Color identification systems

Visual color definition system based on ten principal hues as Blue, Blue-Green, Green, Green-Yellow, Yellow, Yellow-Red, Red, Red-Purple, Purple, Purple-Blue. Each of these principal hues can be diluted with clear-coats to decrease its chroma or mixed with black pigmented paint to decrease its lightness. For instance, for a color specified as GY5/6 in Munsell color system, one can say Green-Yellow (GY), 50% mixed with black and 60% saturated. Munsell color system is commonly used in the USA. On the other hand, in Europe, Natural Color System (NCS) is preferred. NCS, ables a more detailed definition of color than Munsell system. See Also Natural color system, Color identification systems

Remainder of the juice of rubber tree (Hevea brusiliensis) after evaporation. Rubber, chemically composed of polyisopyrene, crosslinks with sulfur compounds forming a high resistance elastomer. Process of crosslinking with sulfur compounds is called vulcanization, and rubber that undergoes vulcanization is called vulcanized rubber.

Chlorinated rubber

Hard thermoplastic resin that is obtained from reaction of natural rubber with chloride, containing approximately 65% chloride and that is soluble in aromatic solvents. It has superior chemical resistance and water resistance. There are also some commercial products obtained from chlorination of synthetic rubber.

Alcohol which dissolves urea/melamine formaldehyde, polyvinyl acetate, Polyvinyl butyral resins in addition to natural resins. It can dissolve a broad range of polymers when used with aromatic solvents.
Chemical name: n-butyl alcohol or butan-1-ol. 

Chemical formula:

Boiling point: 117,7°C; Evaporation number based on the ether: 33; Specific gravity: 1,809-1,811; Refractive index; 1,3993; Flash point: 35°C

Ester which dissolves almost all types of cellulose derivatives, polyester, acrylic and short oil alkyd resins.
Chemical name: Acetic acid n-butyl ester butile

Chemical formula:

Boiling point: 126,5°C; Evaporation number based on the ether: 14; Specific gravity: 0,882; Refractive index: 1,3951; Flash point: 25°C

Functional groups on a molecule can have positive or negative effects on the tendency of the neighbouring groups of the same molecule to react with other compounds. This effect is called “neighbouring effect”.

Polyol synthesized by the reaction of isobutyraldehyde with formaldehyde. It is a raw material for polyester resins.
Chemical name: 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol
Chemical formula: 

Melting point: 128°C

Fluids having viscosity independent of shear stress. Since these types of fluids behave according to Newton's model, they are called “Newtonian fluids”.

Aliphatic solvent used in coatings industry.
Chemical formula: 
Boiling range: 94-99°C; Evaporation number based on the ether: 3; Specific gravity: 0,715-0,725; Refractive index: 1,397; Flash point: -5°C

See Cellulose nitrate resin

Thermoplastic resin formed by the nitration of raw cellulose with sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Nitration to a level of 10,7%-12,3% Nitrogen is used in cellulose nitrate resins for paint industry.
 

In non-condensing humidity test panels are suspended in the constant temperature cabinets. The air inside the cabinet should be saturated. In this stage, condensation leads to formation of random water films on panels which are also at the same temperature with the inside air. Calling this test non-condensing should not be misleading. Difference between condensing and non-condensing humidity test is, a continuous film formed on panels in the former test whereas random (from place to place or time to time) film formation is seen on the latter test. Temperature and humidity of non-condensing humidity test can be kept in the same range in condensing humidity test. In these tests, it is advisable to evaluate performance of a coating with respect to reference paint.
See Also Condensing humidity test

Condensing humidity test

Accelerated test for measuring the water resistance of coatings were preformed in test cabinets where the sides of the cabinets are covered with test panels and inside is filled with saturated air at test temperature. Adjusting inside temperature of the cabinet by at least 10ºC higher than outside temperature, condensation of the water vapour in cabinet atmosphere, on the coated surface facing inside is accomplished. Hence, a thin boundary layer is deposited on the coated side of the panel, throughout the test. Condensing humidity tests are carried out at temperatures between 40ºC and 60ºC and for 5 to 20 days.
See Also Non-condensing humidity test

Non-condensing humidity test

In non-condensing humidity test panels are suspended in the constant temperature cabinets. The air inside the cabinet should be saturated. In this stage, condensation leads to formation of random water films on panels which are also at the same temperature with the inside air. Calling this test non-condensing should not be misleading. Difference between condensing and non-condensing humidity test is, a continuous film formed on panels in the former test whereas random (from place to place or time to time) film formation is seen on the latter test. Temperature and humidity of non-condensing humidity test can be kept in the same range in condensing humidity test. In these tests, it is advisable to evaluate performance of a coating with respect to reference paint.See Also Condensing humidity test

Tests which can be performed by not causing damage to the object to be evaluated.

Alkyd resins that contain saturated fatty acids on their backbone. Since non-drying alkyd resins do not polymerize oxidatively via oxygen of air, they are used in oven-cured coatings that crosslink with amino resins and in two-pack coatings that cures via isocyanate based hardeners.

Viscosity of some fluids may change according to the shear stress applied. These types of fluids are called “Non-newtonian fluids”. Non-newtonian fluids exhibit shear- thinning   (Pseudoplastic), shear-thickening (Dilatant) or plastic flow behaviours.
See Also Shear thinning fluids, Shear thickening fluids, thixotropy

Shear thinning fluids

Fluids that undergo a viscosity decrease upon exposure to shear force (e.g., mixing or shaking). They regain their original viscosity after removal of the shear force. Pseudoplastic fluids regaining their viscosity a while after shear force removal are called thixotropic fluids. An important portion of coatings demonstrate thixotropic behaviour.

Shear thickening fluids

Fluids that undergo a viscosity increase upon exposure to shear force (e.g., mixing or shaking). They regain their original viscosity after removal of the shear force. Some pigment pastes with high pigment loading demonstrate shear thickening behaviour.

Thixotropy

Aphenomenon observed in some of the pseudoplastic fluids is the change in viscosity after an applied shear. If a pseudoplastic fluid is not thixotropic and a constant sheer stress is applied on it (i.e., stirring at a constant speed), its viscosity drops and keeps constant. On the other hand, if fluid is thixotropic, viscosity drop continues after a homogenous stirring is reached. When stirring stops, viscosity of a non-thixotropic fluid rises to its steady value, whereas, thixotropic fluid may need minutes, hours even days to recover its original viscosity.

Ratio of non-volatile content volume of a wet paint to the total wet paint volume is defined as “non-volatile content by volume”.

General name of resins, synthesized by the reaction of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde with a phenol/formaldehyde ratio of substantially larger than 1. Therefore, Novolac resins have functional OH end groups.

Solvent, which dissolves natural resins, phenol formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins. Mixtures with aromatic solvents provide a broad solvency range. Chemical name: n-propyl alcohol
Chemical formula: 
Boiling point: 97,2°C; Evaporation number based on the ether: 16; Specific gravity: 0,804; Refractive index: 1,4680; Flash point: 23°C

Number average molecular weight is found by summing the products of the number of molecules and molecular weights of each group containing equal molecular weights divided by the sum of thenumber of molecules in the polymer mixture.